In Ukraine, the former KGB officer accused of killing 65-year-old

zoom_copter66 · May 3, 2017

vis said: ↑

I would say the same- some degrees from US are useless in Russia, for example, degree in law or doctor degrees obtained in US are of no use in Russia.
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vis said: ↑

I would say the same- some degrees from US are useless in Russia, for example, degree in law or doctor degrees obtained in US are of no use in Russia.
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I can see law degree, no good, depends on MD degree.

st256 · May 4, 2017

zoom_copter66 said: ↑

I don't know what "dispancerizatsia" is,
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As I'd said before...

zoom_copter66 said: ↑

don't claim to, and I doubt average life expect was 70 in SU times,
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Of course! Otherwise it would destroy your world picture. Such American style...

zoom_copter66 said: ↑

Russians do work here, make salaries, contribute to our way of life, better health here too, I've never set foot in a russian hospital, but my family member a nurse and worked in one of your orphanages in Sverdlovsk, it was way overcrowded with abandoned children and was horrible conditions, so if your hospitals any indication?
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I don't know about time period you write. Maybe about Yeltsin's period? When America destroyed my country? But just now it's OK.

zoom_copter66 said: ↑

So how are you an engineer without degree...civil, mechanical, electrical, chemical, architectural, which?
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Pardon? Where did you see a professor without degree? May be in US only?

litwin · May 4, 2017

"The Soviet regime imprisoned or deported to Siberia more than 900,000 residents of Ukraine."
Ukraine - Anti-Soviet Partisans - 1941-1949
In 1945, when according to an official version the World War II ended, in a large part of Europe an armed struggle continued. The partisan war started in territories in Eastern and Central Europe occupied by the USSR: notably Lithuania, Ukraine, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus and others.

The armed resistance movements in Western Ukraine in 1944–1953 became major determinants for future events. The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (Orhanizatsiia Ukrains'kykh Natsionalistiv - OUN) and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA - Ukrains'ka Povstans'ka Armiia), fought both the German and the Soviet forces for the establishment of independent Ukraine.

Origins - 1929-1939
Veterans of the Soviet-Ukrainian War of 1917–20 formed the basis of the Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO), which launched its activities on the territory of Polish-ruled Western Ukraine. Various youth groups began emerging parallel to the UVO, and opted for nationalism as their ideological platform. In 1929, both these currents united to form the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN).

Most of the members of the group were Galician Ukrainians who were Polish subjects from 1920 to 1939. The Ukrainians accused the Poles of treating them as an inferior people, denying them cultural autonomy, curtailing their Chances for professional advantages and persecuting them for opposing in any way the complete Polonization of ethnically Ukrainian territory. The Poles erroneously believed that the Galician Ukrainians represented a disloyal Soviet fifth column in their midst. In actual fact, the Galician Ukrainians were in violent opposition to communism and wanted above all else to be part of a liberated, non-Russian Ukrainian state.

The name Bandera became synonymous with Ukrainian nationalism during the Soviet era. Stephan BANDERA was born in 1909 in the town of Trostianec, near Stryj. His father was a Greek Catholic priest. He attended elementary school in Sokal and high school in Stryj. While still in high school he became a member of UVO, the veterans' organization of Ukrainian nationalists from the First World War.

In 1932, Stefan BANDERA became commander of the OUN for Western Ukraine, and Poland. There is little doubt that Stefan BANDERA was an extreme rightist in his political outlook. In 1934, he and Mikola LEBED planned and organized the assassination of PIERACKY, the Polish Minister of the Interior, accused by the Ukrainians of anti-Ukrainian acts. He was first sentenced to death and then the sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. His trial took place in 1935 after which he was committed to the Holy Cross jail where he remained until 1939. It is alleged that his sentence was commuted to avoid an uprising of Ukrainian nationalists in Eastern Poland and the Ukraine.

With the Germans - 1939-1943
The circumstances surrounding BANDERA's escape or release from Polish prison in 1939 are not clearly known. Once free, BANDERA resumed his leadership of OUN in the homeland. After the invasion of Poland (1939), the OUN collaborated with Germany against the Poles and, later, against the Soviet Union.

In early summer 1940 the OUN split and BANDERA became the overall chief of the greater part of the organization. For some time the OUN was composed of two factions, both claiming the name. The dissident group, comprising about 80 percent of the organization, was called OUN-BANDERA [OUN(B)] or the BANDERA group. The larger faction OUN-B was headed by Stefan Bandera and the smaller faction OUN-M (headed by Andre Melnik. Both OUN factions created their own special forces units, named "Rolland" and "Nachtigall."

Realizing that the aspiration for national independence was uppermost in the minds of a majority of Ukrainians, the Third Reich promised at the beginning of World War II that the Ukrainians would be freed from Soviet domination and could found a Ukrainian state. When the Germans attacked Russia, many members of the OUN followed the Germans' advance eastward. BANDERA remained in Cracow.

A "Ukrainian State" was founded by Bandera on 10 June 1941. The proclamation of the "state" took place in an atmosphere of great solemnity, with Hitler's repreeeeeetives participating. The German occupation forces at the time needed agents and informers who were conversant with conditions in Poland and could help the Bitlerite invaders. They could find no better men for the job than Handera and his followers. Bendera launched the campaign which was to make him master of the OUN. To achieve this, he found it necessary, first, to compromise the old leadership headed by Mel'nik. A simple denunciation to the Gestapo was sufficient to cause persons objectionable to Bandera to be arrested and liquidated at his order.

Over 10,000 Jews were destroyed in a single operation at the border of the Carpathian Ukraine. The Hungarian gendarmes drove these Jews out from the area which had been occupied by Hungary with Hitler's consent. At the border, they were received by "special" elements of the Bandera militia, which drove them to unknown parts, destroying all of them en route. Altogether, during the 5 weeks of its existence, the Benders "state" destroyed over 5,000 Ukrainians, 15,000 Jews, and several thousand Poles.

The "Ukrainian State" of Stepan Bantera ended its short but ignominious existence in August 1941, when it was announced in Lvov that Western Ukraine had been incorporated as the "District of Galicia" in the "General Governorship" (occupied Poland).

And when BANDERA had done his duty, he and some of his assistants were dispatched to a concentration camp. The Gestapo had its own candidates for the posts of gauleiters and governors of the Ukraine. At any rate, BANDERA was taken to Berlin and placed under house arrest there. He was shortly transferred to the Prinz Albrechtstrasse Gestapo jail reserved for important political prisoners. In 1942 BANDERA and several other OUN leaders were transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.

Against the Soviets - 1943-1945
In 1943 the OUN(B) quit the collaboration game and turned on the Germans in an effort to establish an independent Ukraine free of Nazi or Soviet control. The Nazis did not recognize the government created by the part of OUN headed by Stepan Bandera on 10 June 1943. At the beginning of 1943 the OUN(b) started to create UPA that started the underground struggle when the Red Army entered the territory of the Western Ukraine. At all stages of UPA existence, the Soviet regime with all its political, military, and security structures (partisan, army, NKVD units, and internal forces), remained the number one enemy of the Ukrainian nationalists.

The population was still resentful for the recent genocidal famine in Ukraine. The war between UPA and Soviet military and security structures coincided in time with the war of the United Nations (including the Soviet Union) against the fascist bloc, although these wars are entirely different by nature and origin.

During the war years, at the time that BANDERA was incarcerated in a German concentration camp, there sprang up in the Ukraine a number of fighting units. Some of these units united under the banners of Taras BULBA-BOROVETS, OUN/MELNYK and OUN/BANDERA. Since it was apparent to all that there should be a unified command, all three commands tried to unite, but OUN/BANDERA, being possibly strongest in number, decided that it should lead all others. It was at this time that there was considerable fratricide committed. Rumor has it that the entire general staff of Tares BULBA-BOROVETS was liquidated by OUN/BANDERA, as well as a number of those who backed Colonel Andrew EELNYK - among the latter two OUN/MELNYK leaders, STSIBORSKY and SENYK-HRYBIVSKY.

Underground forces of the OUN and UPA supported peasants in their struggle against collectivization. The Ukrainian Insurgent Army had its own particular system of military decorations and awards that were introduced in early 1944 as a means of recognizing service and achievement. These included Gold (two classes), Silver (two classes), and Bronze Crosses of Combat Merit, while Gold, Silver, and Bronze Crosses of Merit were awarded to UPA soldiers as well as civilians. The actual decorations were manufactured at a significantly later date (in 1951).

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http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/ukraine-40s.htm

litwin · May 4, 2017

part 2

after the War - 1945-1950
In 1945, at the end of the War, Stepan BANDERA remained confined in a German concentration camp. BANDERA escaped from the Germans and disappeared. At the end of the war he was in the Austrian Tyrol. In the summer of 1945 he came to Southern Bavaria In 1945 the Soviets made a thorough search after Stepan BANDERA all over Western Europe. Although at that time BANDERA was in a place which belonged to the Soviet sphere of influence, he was not identified.

From 1945 to 1948 members of the OUN and of the UPA arrived from the Soviet Ukraine on foot. The messages they and returning German prisoners of war brought, conclusively confirmed that the OUN and the UPA were continuing to fight against the Soviets with the weapons and ammunition which the retreating German armies had left behind.

The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, which organized and led the fight of the Ukrainian people, developed its activity in the Ukraine as well as abroad, primarily in those western countries where the Ukrainian emigration had settled. Between those two parts of the Ukrainian liberation movement there was maintained a communication service across the Iron Curtain, which is based on the courier principle. Armed groups of messengers recruited among members of OUN and soldiers of UPA/Ukrainian Insurrection Army/ are sent from the Ukraine abroad and vice versa.

In continuing their struggle in Western Ukraine after the war, the UPA and the Ukrainian nationalist underground were not alone in fighting the Soviets in Central and Eastern Europe. Remnants of Armia Krajowa (the Freedom and Sovereignty organisation) were active until 1947, refusing to accept the People’s Republic of Poland established by Moscow. Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian anti-communist “forest brothers” were active in the Baltic states until the early 1950s.

Having emerged under conditions of Polish rule in the Western Ukrainian territories in the interwar period, the Ukrainian Military Organisation (UVO) and the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) relied on the previous experience of secret revolutionary groups in stateless nations in the 19th and early 20th century. The UVO and the OUN used methods of struggle that were common practice at the time: individual terror against officials and policemen; sabotage (arson and destruction of communication lines), bomb explosions and the expropriation of local government’s assets.

Raids were one of the best-known elements of the UPA’s insurgency tactics. Thanks to their constant manuvering and billeting changes, UPA soldiers were able to carry out surprise and harassing attacks while not allowing the enemy the opportunity to strike them with force.

A pivotal role in the Soviets’ destruction of the Ukrainian underground was played by military operations and terror measures against the civilian population. During 1944–50, Soviet military leaders developed a number of organizational principles for their war against the Ukrainian insurgency. Initially, individual front-line units of the Red Army were deployed against the UPA, while SMERSH detachments from its specialized counterintelligence department were deployed against the members and sympathizers of the Ukrainian underground. However, when the Allied–Axis front moved westward, these functions were transferred first to the rear units of the Red Army and eventually to the NKVD troops.

The Soviet secret police units to fight underground and nationalist organizations were the Anti-Banditry Departments (OBB) which were a part of the NKVD. In the popular perception, the Soviet secret police is associated with a smooth-running machine that only spelt violent repressions and ruthlessly crushed any symptoms of resistance to Soviet rule. But deeper research into the archives and subject literature yields a totally different picture. The ravages of war caused a telling shortage of well-qualified personnel, hence many officers had no theoretical knowledge or practical experience of police work.
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litwin · May 4, 2017

part 3

Managerial posts were given to experienced Chekists delegated from Ukraine’s eastern and central oblasts, but rank-and-file civil and military personnel was drawn from “trusted” local residents. They were used to stealing from local residents and resorting to thoughtless violence during in the subjugation phase. Most of the lower rank officers were known to drink on duty. The problem became especially difficult during the partisan war. The helpless situation that many officers found themselves in can be put down to drunkenness and violence towards local residents.

World War II brought unprecedented disruption to the historical continuity of the borderlands of East Central Europe. In these unequal fights, more than 60,000 Ukrainian freedom fighters perished. During the Second World War, according to various sources, the OUN lost between 16,000 and 35,000 members, who were arrested and executed up to 1945. In 1944–45, the NKVD carried out 26,693 operations against the Ukrainian underground. According to NKVD data, they resulted in 22,474 Ukrainian freedom fighters killed and 62,142 captured.

According to the information which was suppressed for many years in the soviet archives, in the period from February 1944 to May 1946 about 111,000 UIA fighters were killed, 250,000 were arrested and imprisoned, and 203,000 were deported from Ukraine and placed in concentration camps. Within the same period of time, about 14,000 Soviet troops and members of punitive detachments engaged in operations against the OUN-UIA, died in battle. By one account, over 35,000 members of the Soviet secret police system were killed by the OUN-UPA after World War II.

The Soviet regime imprisoned or deported to Siberia more than 900,000 residents of Ukraine. The peak of the deportations was a special operation called Zakhid (West) which was carried out on 21 October 1947. During the course of that one day 76,192 people were forcibly deported from Western Ukraine. The goal of the mass deportations was to destroy the base of the insurgent movement.

In 1945–46, the Ukrainian insurgents gradually changed course from an active offensive to defensive methods; similarly, the scale of their operations was also gradually reduced. By 1946, the UPA operated only in the Carpathian Mountains and the Zakerzonnia region. But by late 1949, pursuant to a resolution of the Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council and on orders from the Supreme Command of the UPA, they too were disbanded or demobilized.

Between 1945 and 1950, Ukrainian insurgents carried out a number of operations on the territory of the Belorussian SSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Romania. In 1950, UPA soldiers made an unsuccessful bid to carry out a raid into Lithuania in order to join their efforts with the Lithuanian insurgents, who were known as “forest brothers.”

The UPA operated with large-scale forces until the summer of 1945, when it was forced to reorganize because of heavy losses. Individual units were turned into smaller ones, and ailing, battle-fatigued, and elderly insurgents, as well as those with large families, were demobilized or assigned to the OUN regional network. After the late 1940s, the larger UPA units were disbanded.

The Ukrainian freedom fighters continued to operate in the conditions of the enemy’s all-out offensive and blockade, which lasted from late 1945 until July 1946. In the period from December 1945 to February 1946, 15,562 military-secret service operations took place during the so-called “Great Blockade.” As a result of these tactics, over 4,200 Ukrainian insurgents were killed, and more than 9,400 people were taken prisoner or arrested. A total of 130 armed formations of the Ukrainian underground were eliminated.

In 1938, Khrushchev became the general secretary of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian Communist Party. During the war and after, Khrushchev was assigned by Stalin to take control and wipe out the "bourgeois" nationalist forces in Ukraine. Khrushchev was heavily engaged in the liquidation of many individuals and groups connected with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA). On March 30-31, 1949, at the interregional council in Lviv, Khrushchev demanded to finish collectivization in Lviv, Stanislav, Ternopil, and Rivne regions by the end of 1949. The armed Resistance movement was deprived of any support. When the UPA went underground in 1949, resistance to the Soviet totalitarian regime acquired new forms and necessitated considerable ingenuity, especially on the part of the leaders of the liberation movement.

Opposition Abroad - 1950-1957
In July 1944 in a forest in the Carpathian mountains between Lvov and the former Hungarian border, the ZP/UHVR Zakordonne Predstavnytstvo Uktains'koyi Holovnoyi Vyzvolnoyi Rady - (Foreign Representation of the Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Council / Ukrainian Supreme Liberation Council) was formed, chiefly by OUN members of the BANDERA faction. It provided the political, leadership of the UPA - Ukrainska Povstanska Armia (Ukrainian Insurgent Army).
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zoom_copter66 · May 4, 2017

st256 said: ↑

As I'd said before...

Of course! Otherwise it would destroy your world picture. Such American style...

I don't know about time period you write. Maybe about Yeltsin's period? When America destroyed my country? But just now it's OK.

Pardon? Where did you see a professor without degree? May be in US only?
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Lol, "when America destroy my country", yes blame it on US! You went bankrupt is what you did, after decades of mismanagement, collectivization, and 10 yr involved in Afghanistan.

st256 · May 4, 2017

zoom_copter66 said: ↑

Lol, "when America destroy my country", yes blame it on US! You went bankrupt is what you did, after decades of mismanagement, collectivization, and 10 yr involved in Afghanistan.
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Of course, we are to blame that USSR was destroyed. But it doesn't mean that USA non was destroying Russia. Now it's well known fact, that American spies worked in Russian Goverment. It's funny. But more funny is a fact, that when they had came in USA, they went on trial for theft. Only think, how much they stolen! I don't say about such projects like "Sakhalin-2", where you extracted oil and gas for billions dollars and payed for this NOTHING! Bribes only. Of course, we had some problems in economics, medical care, etc. But whan we had said "yankees go home" the situation had became better. More better.

Of course the fault lies with us. But the our fault is we let you destroy our country.

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In Ukraine, the former KGB officer accused of killing 65-year-old

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